The Blunt Truth About Marijuana - 891 Words

A couple hits of cannabis are capable of stimulating sensations for the individual that ultimately result in a euphoric experience. The legality of this astounding drug has been a controversial subject for decades. Marijuana officially became illegal in the United States in 1937, on account of the Marijuana Tax Act (Gahlinger 35). Since then, the topic of legalizing marijuana has been discussed, but never exhausted. Many compelling arguments have been made in support for the legalization of marijuana. Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States; in fact, more than 70 million Americans have tried marijuana (Marijuana Myths†¦).Prohibition has proved to be ineffective and supporters believe that legalization could enhance the quality of American life by spurring economic prosperity and encompassing many health benefits. The courts are currently burdened with marijuana related offenses, which could easily be diminished by decriminalizing marijuana. Harry G. Levine and Loren Siegel of the Marijuana Arrest Research Project stated in their online article that, â€Å"Over the last fifteen years, a single arrest for marijuana possession, including all police and court expenses, has cost from $1,000 to $2,000 or more, conservatively estimated.† The money spent on these arrests begins to accumulate into a profuse amount. In addition, the valuable time of attorneys, judges, and police officers is wasted on marijuana offenses. The courts should focus on the moreShow MoreRelatedThe Blunt Truth About Marijuana1183 Words   |  5 Pagesto Writing 13 May 2016 The Blunt Truth about Marijuana Imagine having a son or daughter who has six or more seizures a day. If you could could decrease the number of seizures they had a day by half, wouldn’t you consider medical marijuana? It is well known that medical cannabis has been used to cure many medical conditions for a long period of time already. Among the diseases marijuana can help treat, nausea, glaucoma, anorexia, epilepsy and more. Medical marijuana also helps with the side effectsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1001 Words   |  5 PagesCastillo M. Thomas ENC 1101 5 November 2014 The â€Å"Blunt† Truth Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana is a dried flower cluster and leaves of this female plant. This plant can be smoked or ingested as an illicit drug to induce euphoria or treating illness and diseases. In America today, the word marijuana has risen a concerned eyebrow. The economic woes that plague this country will become abundance through the legalization of marijuana. Legalizing marijuana would benefit the country in many ways; thereforeRead MoreDrug and Alcohol Abuse Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesignorance and carelessness. Therefore, you should know the facts about drug and alcohol abuse before you do something you may regret for the rest of your life. According TO NIDA FOR TEENS: THE SCIENCE BEHIND DRUG ABUSE, drugs are chemicals or substances that change the way our bodies work. Drugs find their way into your bloodstream, whether you ingest, inhale or inject them, they are then transported to parts of your brain. Weighing about three pounds, the brain is made of many parts that all work togetherRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan The Blunt Truth1461 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Marijuana:The Blunt Truth When we imagine the uses of marijuana, we see the dazed hippies of the 1960s and 70’s, but really the first written record of cannabis goes back to 2727 B.C. by Chinese Emperor Shen Nung and it has been dated through almost every historic time. Not only was cannabis used for recreational and medicinal properties, but hemp was also used for cloth and textiles, paper, soap and hygiene products, food, and even industrial products such as fuel. Marijuana is not just the idolizedRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana Speech Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesworld on weather or not to legalize marijuana. The prohibition of marijuana is holding up the improvement of social and economic developments. Introduction I. [Attention-Getter] Would you want the government limiting how much coffee you can drink or how much cheesecake you’re allowed to eat? According to Dr. Paul Phinney, president-elect of the California medical association has found these types of foods to be just as addictive if not more than marijuana. a. According to this sameRead More Marijuana vs. Cigarettes: Why is one legal?1275 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana and Cigarettes are both things that all Americans have heard about. Man untrue ideas have been spread about both products. Marijuana is not legal and it may not be as harmful as cigarettes. Marijuana is less harmful to the brain, body, and environment than cigarettes. When someone smokes a cigarette they say they feel a sensation all over their body. Users may experience different feelings. Many people say it creates a relaxing feeling all over the body, some say it helps to clear theirRead MoreA Recent Drug Policy Alliance Report Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Alliance report found that Colorado, Washington, Alaska and Oregon have all benefited from a dramatic decrease in marijuana arrests and convictions, as well as increased tax revenues since the adult possession of marijuana became legal. At the same time, these states did not experience increases in youth marijuana use or traffic fatalities (DPA). Legalizing marijuana will provide an increase in our economy. The first step is that the government needs to stop copiously funding the war onRead MoreEssay about Marijuana Speech1516 Words   |  7 PagesMajoint,, spliff , blunt, dub, L, ganja, grass, pot, bud, and mary jane.       Now, why are these words thought to be bad.    Why are we taught from such a young age that marijuana is bad.    Why are we able to go into any store and buy tobacco, which kills 400,000 people annually; alcohol, which kills 100,000 people annually; and caffeine, which kills 2,000 people annually.    According to the New England Journal of medicine, you would have to smoke 1500 pounds of marijuana in under 15 minutes to ODRead MoreThe Debate Over Legalization Of Marijuana1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Proposed Debate for the Legalization of Marijuana Jonathan Acree Online Research Methods Middle Georgia State University Fall 2016 Abstract The purpose of this content is to strategically examine the overwhelming plethora of information surrounding the legalization of marijuana. Many sources available have been used to identify the mental, physical, economic and social issues surrounding the facets of marijuana use on both ends of the spectrum. While the judicial system is holding to theRead MoreThe Issue of Legalizing Marijuana1918 Words   |  8 Pages The argument of legalizing marijuana has been in the forefront of politics in the United States of America for the last few years. Marijuana comes from the plant Cannabis sativa which has been used throughout history in religious practices, medicine, paper, fiber, and recreation. Its use was banned in the United States of America during the 1930s. This ban was due to public fears surrounding the negative social effects of the drug. Not only were many of these negative effects exaggerated, but the

Maths Research and budgeting Free Essays

Starr full time earning $17. 50/hrs working 40 hours a week with a net Income of $32, 841. I need to buy a car wealth my price range to make sure I can get to work on time. We will write a custom essay sample on Maths Research and budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starr is approximately km away from home so driving to and from work will approximately be km a day. Working 5 days a week in total I will be traveling km. I choose a 2014 Mediumistic Mirage Sport LA that costs $9,990 because it is fuel efficient, runs well, parts are easy to find and reasonably cheap, I eve Mediumistic and the look of this particular car, I have friends that own this car and they say It Is the most reliable car they have ever owned, It Is small but has lots of room with a massive boot space which is 235 liters (plenty of room for the shopping it is easier to park into tight spots and has the power of a sports vehicle. The car has a USB port inbuilt to the stereo, Bluetooth for hands free phone calls, CD player, MPH/ AX compatible, ABS, cup holders, power windows, 5 star UNCAP rating and 6 airbags or added safety. It comes with 5 years warranty or 130,000 kilometers and 5 years road side assistance. This mirage is a 5 speed manual hatch back, 5 doors, and 5 starter car. It’s a front wheel drive with a 3 cylinder 1. AL petrol engine, the rims are steel and tire size is 195/65 ROR and diameter being xx, it is silver in color. The approximate cost of running this vehicle will be $69 per smokes. At current petrol prices it will cost around $51 to fill the tank at 35 liters. Driving to and from work at bout skims per week will cost around $14 in fuel, adding in weekend driving at about skims for Saturday and Sunday it should only cost me $21 a week in fuel. Registration for this vehicle for 12 months will cost about $1200 with green slip being $578, pink slip $35 and registration approximately $530. Comprehensive Insurance will cost $64. 0 per month going through Budget Direct as the insurer. Maintaining this car with a full service every smokes for 12 months will cost $750 if taken to a mechanic but If you know what you’re doing when servicing a car you can buy the arts and do the service yourself at a much lower price. The cost of running this car per year will cost $3,816 without any unexpected repairs or failures. My other expenses Include rent being $70 per week, food costing around $50 per week, entertainment $100, savings account $50, and miscellaneous $50. I have learnt that this type of car is relevant for my situation as it is, very affordable, economic and efficient. It comes with the 5 year warranty so if anything went wrong in the first 5 years it’s not a cost that I would have to deal with. It has low carbon emissions, which makes it better for the environment and knowing that I have the 5 year road side assistance for the next 5 years gives me piece of mind that I will not be stranded and late for work. This assignment has taught me that shopping around Is an Important factor as you need to consider reliability, affordability and economics not just looks. You can find bargains out there and it can take time but if you make the right purchase you will never regret spending your entire savings on a brand new car as I ill have it for a longer period of time and is reasonably cheap to maintain. I did enjoy this assignment as I learnt about budgeting, how to research what car would be right for my Immediate and future needs, efficiency, fuel consumption and carbon the following: cardioids. Com. AU Redbook. Com. AU gummier. Com. AU mutinous. Com. AU arms. News. Gob. AU grisliness’s. Com. AU facilitator. Com. AU compartmented. Com. AU Below are pictures of the Mediumistic Mirage I have chosen to purchase. How to cite Maths Research and budgeting, Essays

Pregnant Teens Marriage free essay sample

Argues against forced marriage between pregnant teen mother father examines alternatives (abortion, adoption). This paper explores the question, Should pregnant teens marry the fathers of their babies? Conservatives argue that the responsibility of pregnancy obligates the parents to raise their child in an intact, traditional home in which the mother and father are married. This paper argues, however, that obligatory marriage adds another major problem to the situation rather than providing a viable solution. This paper contends that any unwanted, unplanned pregnancy is a complex enough circumstance with which to contend. Forced marriage, based solely on the fact of such a pregnancy, tends to compound the problem, not provide a solution. This paper argues that teenaged pregnancy should be dealt with separately in as unemotional and clear-headed a way as possible. This is also an argument for enforcing both the rights and responsibilities of fatherhood in such a circumstance.

Is it possible to say why Anglo-Saxon kings and queens (and their courts) were willing to accept Christianity Essay Example

Is it possible to say why Anglo-Saxon kings and queens (and their courts) were willing to accept Christianity Paper In 596, Englands network of small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was universally pagan. A century later it was officially Christian. The conversion to Christianity, fronted by St. Augustines late sixth-century mission, was completely bloodless and apparently voluntary, in stark contrast with the forced conversion of the continental Saxons by Charlemagne. However, exactly how this conversion came about is, to a certain extent, shrouded in mystery. Our main source, Bedes Ecclesiastical History, was written over a hundred years after the events he is describing and is undermined as reliable historical evidence by its didactic and propagandist nature. Unfortunately, the missionaries that came to England did not write testimonies. However, we are able to look at the advice given to later continental missionaries such as Boniface. Through a combination of Bedes writings, the continental experience, archaeological evidence and intelligent guesswork, it may be possible to build up some sort of a picture of why the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy were willing to accept Christianity. With any voluntary conversion, we would expect the main reason behind it to be the success of missionary persuasion. Yet equally important is the willingness of the person who is being persuaded to be converted. As we shall see, openness to new ideas can be perceived either as a prerequisite for successful conversion or as a result of intelligent persuasion techniques. It is necessary, therefore, to look both at what was said or implied by the missionaries and at why the Anglo-Saxon kings accepted their arguments. It is important to remember that the impetus behind St. Augustines mission which resulted in the first conversion (that of King Aethelbert of Kent) came from Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to say why Anglo-Saxon kings and queens (and their courts) were willing to accept Christianity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to say why Anglo-Saxon kings and queens (and their courts) were willing to accept Christianity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is it possible to say why Anglo-Saxon kings and queens (and their courts) were willing to accept Christianity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The kings of England did not ask to be converted; rather it was decided by Pope Gregory that they should be. Thus before we consider the possible attractions of Christianity, we must examine the Churchs motives behind the conversion. Bede and other Christian writers would have us believe that they were entirely spiritual. This is not far from the truth: Christianity is a proselytising faith, the followers of which believe their religion to be eminently superior to all others. However, Christianity in the early Middle Ages was also associated with the resurgence of Rome as an imperial power, albeit in barbarian hands. It was in Gregorys interest to extend his Christian empire by renewing control of a former Roman province such as England. Having the support of powerful Christian kings was important both to the spread of Christianity (mass baptism would have been impossible without the backing of a king) and to the security and prosperity of the new Christian empire. 1 Missionaries too had material as well as spiritual incentives behind their work. Augustine and others were given privileged, official status and the protection that came from operating under the aegis of a powerful patron (Gameson). The determination of the pope and individual missionaries to win the support of the Anglo-Saxon kings influenced how they put their message across. Both Gregory and his missionaries understood that their presentation of Christianity was crucial to its acceptance. The spiritual benefits from conversion would have to be explained alongside a subtle demonstration of the material benefits associated with conversion. To put it bluntly, distilling the true message of the gospels was not the sole task of the missionaries. Christianity had to be presented to the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy in a way specifically designed to appeal to them in order for them to accept it. What was important was that the Anglo-Saxon kings became nominally Christian and believed themselves to be Christian, not whether they were true Christians. Hence the conversion process was to be gradual and its methods flexible. The spiritual arguments for conversion were based on the idea of rationality. Bishop Daniel of Winchester (d. 745) writing to the Anglo-Saxon missionary Boniface (d. 754) listed various arguments the latter might use to convert pagan Germans. 2 Many were rational, in particular the logical fallacy of worshipping as gods beings who were born as humans. It is probable that missionaries wishing to convert the Anglo Saxons in the previous century will have used similar tactics. Bede tells us that Sigbert, King of Essex, was persuaded by Oswy of Northumbria that manmade idols could not possibly be gods as God was invisible and omnipresent. As Richter points out, this story is unreliable, but demonstrates the methods of persuasion that were used. An account by the Whitby Anonymous describes how Paulinus preaching to Edwin of Northumbria and his court used the shooting of a bird to demonstrate that idols were useless and could be destroyed without danger. This type of image-based persuasion would have been essential if we bear in mind that missionaries probably did n ot speak the same language as the people they were trying to convert; clearly, it could be just as powerful as oral persuasion. As well as highlighting what was claimed to be the illogical nature of paganism, the missionaries may have emphasised the potential spiritual fulfilment that could be gained from converting to Christianity. Bede describes how one of Edwins followers compared earthly existence with the flight of a sparrow through a lighted hall and suggested that if Christianity could dispel some of the darkness before and after, it was worthy to be considered. This is one situation where intelligent persuasion techniques come first; that is to say, in creating a need for adopting a new faith where there was not one before by causing people to doubt that the old faith successfully answered the most fundamental questions on existence. In addition to these theological arguments, Bede attributes the acceptance of Christianity to the fact that the Anglo-Saxons (in this case, Aethelbert) were impressed by both the pure lifestyle of the missionaries and the miracles that they performed. The second reason, explains Gameson, is a great deal more plausible. He makes the point that the emissaries came from a more sophisticated and materially advanced culture and therefore may have been able to do things that seemed extraordinary by Anglo-Saxon standards. It is not difficult to imagine the Anglo-Saxons being impressed by the prestige and superior material culture of the missionaries- something that the missionaries themselves were well aware of. St. Augustine arrived bearing a silver plate and an icon of Christ on a wooden board. Queen Etheburga (wife of Edwin) was sent a silver mirror and a comb ornamented with gold. Daniel of Winchester, perhaps drawing on the experience of the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons advised Boniface to get his audience to reflect on the circumstance that while the Christians possess fertile lands, and provinces fruitful in wine and oil and abounding in other riches, they have left to them, the pagans that is, with their gods, lands always frozen with cold. 4 David adds that Boniface must bring before [the pagans] the might of the Christian world. Similar techniques are likely to have been used to convert the Anglo-Saxons, who, bordering Gaul would have been well aware of this might and probably were slightly envious of it. B. Yorke describes how Frankish culture was very fashionable in Kent in the late sixth and early seventh centuries, the kingdom being the first area to adopt the status symbols of the Frankish royal court such as gold and garnet jewellery or the crystal balls which women worse suspended from the waist. Interestingly, she goes on to explain that other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms soon followed suit, citing the a rich female burial of the late sixth century from Chessell Down cemetery in the Isle of Wight, which includes a crystal ball and a brooch worn on the shoulder that had been imported from Gaul. Campbell mentions how pottery of a Frankish origin has even been found round the northern shores of the Irish sea. Anglo-Saxon kings must have been impressed by the wide influence of their Merovingian counterparts and may have associated the Frankish conversion Christianity (which brought with it links with Rome) with their domestic and foreign power. The missionaries, too, may have realised that they could play on the Anglo-Saxon kings pride, lust for fame and desire to augment their own power. Pope Gregory compared King Aethelbert to Constantine in advising him to convert for He whose honour you seek and maintain among the nations will also make your glorious name still more glorious even to posterity. Christianity, we must remember, was not simply a religion: it was an entire package. With it came culture, stone buildings, and, perhaps most significantly, Latin and literacy. Writing was associated with administration, in particular, codes of law. In these law codes, the king was deliberately connected with God. For example, Ine in his code of 688 styles himself by the grace of God king of the West Saxons. In Rome, the pope was becoming more imperial; perhaps the Anglo-Saxon kings hoped to follow in that mould. Higham goes so far as to assert that religious conversion was a deliberate and calculated tool designed to augment royal tradition. Certainly, conversion to Christianity led to an increase in power (and wealth in the form of tax and monasteries- something that Bede is reluctant to mention) of the Bretwalda. Claims of divine right to rule, however, were nothing new. Before the arrival of Augustine, kings were already using Woden and other gods to underpin their authority, for instance, in alleging that they were descended from them (Yorke). Furthermore, there may have already been substantial royal involvement in ritual before conversion, something which Bede chooses to ignore, presenting paganism as something controlled almost entirely by priests. However, as Yorke points out, the lack of archaeological evidence for temples and the fact that in pagan Sweden in the ninth century kings performed rituals in halls, indicate that Bede may have been mistaken. We have to admit that we know very little about Anglo-Saxon paganism. We also know next to nothing about whether there was any survival of Romano-British Christianity. A familiarity with Christianity from the survival of Romano-British Christianity could explain why the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was so quick to accept conversion. There is some evidence for continuity. For example, near Aylesford there is a settlement called Eccles (via British, from the Latin ecclesia) which indicates that a pocket of Christians survived there long enough for the name to have been adopted into German speech. Also, Aethelbert put at his new (Frankish Christian) wife, Berthas disposal a church built in Roman times near Canterbury. This suggests that there were people in Kent who could identify a Christian church in the late sixth century. Possibly it even indicates the presence of a Christian community at Canterbury. Bertha is the first Frankish-Anglo-Saxon queen we know of (there may have been other before her) and highlights the importance of marriage in conversion. Berthas family insisted that Aethelbert let her practise her religion and bring with her a bishop, Liudhard. Edwin of Northumbria had been allowed to marry his wife, Ethelberga on the condition that he converted to Christianity (Paulinus, would-be missionary, arrived in her entourage). Having a Christian wife would have encouraged a king to be well-disposed towards Christianity. Once converted, the hierarchical nature of Anglo-Saxon kingship (the concept of over-kings and subject-kings) meant that kings could also convert each other. For example, Aethelbert persuaded Sigbert of Essex to convert. Bearing in mind how the spread of Christianity in Kent corresponded with an increase in Aethelberts power (not to mention the floundering of Christianity on his death) we could say that the Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England was advanced by kings wishing to assert hegemony over their neighbours. The importance of feud to the Anglo-Saxons is also crucial in this respect. This king-on-king conversion was made possible by the fact that there was a lot of movement and communication between kingdoms. P. Wormald describes how the situation in Beowulf (where there are always messengers and guests moving between courts) probably reflects the situation in real life. Beowulf is also significant in that it shows a continuation of some pagan beliefs and practices (such as cremation and, more broadly, a heroic tradition) alongside Christian beliefs. The Christianity that the missionaries introduced was of a deliberately flexible nature, which enabled the values and structure of Anglo-Saxon society to stay the same. Anglo-Saxon aristocrats continued to trace their lineage back to the pagan gods, while Raedwald apparently worshipped Christian and pagan gods in the same temple. An important example of assimilation is the alleged transformation of a pagan festival into Easter. Since assimilation is not inherent in Christianity in itself, the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon kings owes a great deal to how the religion was presented by the missionaries. Above all, the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy converted not simply for spiritual reasons, as Bede (whose task, we must not forget was to compile a catalogue of good examples for Christians of his own day) would want us to believe, but out of a desire to keep up with the rest of Europe, and especially Gaul, a country they had become close to in many respects. In explaining why non-spiritual reasons for conversion was so significant, the experiences of converting the continental pagans (in particular the advice given to Boniface) prove invaluable.

Was Hitlers Body Ever Identified essays

Was Hitlers Body Ever Identified essays Was Hitlers body ever identified? Everyone gets a good kick out of magazines like the National Enquirer and Globe because everything written in them is a lie. One commonly written headline in those magazines is Elvis has been spotted, or Elvis lives, he never really was dead!! These are the things written about today. However, about fifty years ago there was something similar going on, although it wasnt about Elvis, it was about sightings of Adolph Hitler. The goal of this aspect of the Mysteries of History project was to prove weather or not Adolph Hitlers body was identified. In most of the books about Hitler that were looked into, the stories concerning the death, suicide and what happened afterwards were almost identical. However, before the death and end of his life is discussed, the reader should know what Hitler was all about. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889. He was born in Austria, right near the German border. According to Hitler, that date began Mein Kampf (My struggle), Hitlers political autobiography and blueprint for a new Germany. Hitlers life began as him being a sensitive, artistic boy. By the age of eleven, he was a committed nationalist who had learned to understand the meaning of history. When Hitler was thirteen years old, his life took a dramatic turn. On January 3, 1903, Adolphs father, Alois Hitler passed away from a massive pleural hemorrhage. He toppled over at the table and was dead before the doctor arrived. Hitler was very much interested in the arts and dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen so he could sketch and day dream all day. At the age of twenty-two, Hitler felt that he was alone and adrift. He needed an enemy to blame for all his problems. One day he was walking down the street and encountered a man. The first thought that went through his ...

A Helpful and Concise Summary of Othello Act 1

A Helpful and Concise Summary of 'Othello' Act 1 Hold tight and delve into William Shakespeares tragedy Othello with this summary of Act 1.  This analysis covers  the entire play, starting from the opening scene in which the prolific playwright wastes no time  establishing Iagos hatred of Othello. Better understand  this beautifully written drama  with this  scene-by-scene guide. Act 1, Scene 1 In Venice Iago and Roderigo discuss Othello. Roderigo immediately addresses  Iago’s disdain for Othello; â€Å"Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate,† he says. Iago complains that instead of employing him as his lieutenant, Othello employed Michael Cassio who has no experience for the job. Iago was employed as a mere ensign to Othello. Roderigo responds; â€Å"By heaven, I rather would have been his hangman.† Iago tells Roderigo that he will stay in Othello’s service only to exact revenge upon him when the time is right. Iago and Roderigo do not refer to Othello by name in this scene but rather by his race; calling him the moor or the thick lips. The pair plot to inform Brabanzio, Desdemona’s father, that his daughter has run off with Othello and married him and that he is an unsuitable match, citing his race and impulsivity. The audience discovers that Roderigo is in love with Desdemona, as Brabanzio points out he has already warned him off her; â€Å"In honest plainness thou hast heard me say my daughter is not for thee.† This explains Roderigo’s hatred of Othello. The pair goad Brabanzio, and Iago says, â€Å"I am the one sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.† Brabanzio checks Desdemona’s room and discovers she is missing. He launches a full-scale search for his daughter and regretfully tells Roderigo that he would prefer him to be his daughters husband and not Othello; â€Å"O would you had had her.† Iago resolves to leave, as he does not want his master to know he has double-crossed him. Brabanzio promises Roderigo that he will reward him for his efforts. â€Å"Oh, good Roderigo. I will deserve your pains,† he says. Act 1, Scene 2 Iago tells Othello that Desdemona’s father and Roderigo are pursuing him. Iago lies, telling Othello that he challenged them.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nay, but he prated, and spoke such scurvy and provoking terms against your honor that with the little godliness I have, I did full hard forbear him,† he says. Othello answers that his honor and services to the state speak for themselves, and he will convince Brabanzio that he is a good match for his daughter. He tells Iago that he loves Desdemona. Cassio and his officers enter, and Iago tries to convince Othello that it is his enemy, and he should hide. But Othello shows strength of character by staying. â€Å"I must be found. My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly,† he says. Cassio explains that the Duke needs to speak to Othello about the conflict in Cyprus. Iago tells Cassio about Othello’s marriage. Brabanzio arrives with swords drawn. Iago draws his sword on Roderigo knowing that they have the same intention and that Roderigo will not kill him but will collude with the pretense. Brabanzio is angry that Othello has eloped with his daughter and again uses his race to put him down, saying that it is ridiculous to think she turned down wealthy and worthy gentleman to run off with him. â€Å"She shunned the wealthy curled darlings of our nation, †¦t’incur a general mock, run from her guardage to the sooty bosom of such a thing as thou,† he says. Brabanzio also accuses Othello of drugging his daughter. Brabanzio wants to put Othello in prison, but Othello says that the Duke requires his services and will also need to speak to him, so they decide to go to the Duke together to decide Othello’s fate.

Causes of the Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the Civil War - Research Paper Example These came to be known as the Confederate states, all of whose members were slave-owning states. Barbara Fields, however, disagrees with this assumption stating that, the United States made war on the Confederates not because of the slavery abolition, but because it wanted to preserve the Union (Rios). The Emancipation of all the slaves in the Union was simply an excuse made to start the war that would force the southern states back into the Union. According to Fields, the northern states only declared war on the Confederate states because they not only wanted to preserve the Union, but also to ensure that they did not have a powerful rival. In essence, the northern states wanted to retain their advantage as the leading states in the Union by enforcing their dominance. This situation led to the coming to prominence of two men, whose views on slavery were entirely opposite of one another. The first is Abraham Lincoln was among the biggest proponents of the eradication of slavery in al l the states within the Union as well as the preservation of the latter (Pinsker 59). The other is Jefferson Davis, who was a principal proponent of the institution of slavery and believed that it was a necessary part of the southern economy. While many in the non-slaveholding north supported the declaration, many in the south viewed it as the federal government’s attempt to interfere with their internal affairs. According to Shelby Foote, among the most prominent advocates of this viewpoint was none other than Jefferson Davis, who was a staunch believer in the right of all the states within the union to make their own decision without interference. He believed that all the states in the union had joined it voluntarily, and this gave them the independence to decide what was and what was not best for them. If the federal government were to keep interfering in the domestic dealings of the states, then these states would inevitably lose their sovereignty, defeating the purpose o f the formation of the union (Dawson 592). He is noted to have stated that since all states had joined the union of their own free will, they also had the right to leave it if they felt that their interests were not being represented in a manner to their liking. Furthermore, Davis believed that the decision to end slavery lay with the individual states themselves, and not with the federal government. It is extremely likely that it was because of this stance that when the southern states chose to leave the union, they chose him to be their leader. His vision was to maintain slavery in the Confederate states and to expand this institution south into Mexico as this new slave owning federation grew (Norton et al 384). According to Foote, therefore, the American Civil war did not take place because of the need for the southern states to retain slavery, but for them to be able to determine their own destiny without any interference from the northern states, which dominated the United Stat es at the time (Bolin 38). Many southerners at the time felt that the northern states wanted to enforce their will upon them so that they would remain a backwater and this is the reason why they chose to break from the Union. In the matter if abolition, however, many have come to believe the reasons for Lincoln going to war, who stated that maintaining slavery in the United States would be a

Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benchmarking - Essay Example It is useful in assessing the company’s strength or weakness in the purchase process vis-à  -vis the suppliers and competitors. The concept of quality and delivery schedules got more importance than price. It also became possible to evaluate the performances of the various vendors against benchmarking and ABC analysis made them perform better if they wanted continued patronage from the Purchaser. The Purchaser too became accountable as his track record now became transparent and in turn his position became respectable in the company. These actions finally grow into Best Practices. Best Practices evolve over a period of experimentation and result in setting parameters of quality and terms. In the past ten years, benchmarking has become a common practice in purchasing departments (Carr and Smeltzer, 1999). This has helped in getting better products at better prices and on better terms. Therefore Benchmarking has made a positive impact on the purchasing function and has improved performance. A high performance level of purchasing functions results in high levels of business performance. The ultimate goal is to deliver total quality and 100 percent value to the end customer (Zairi 1994) and it is this standard or benchmark that makes it possible. According to Zairi (1988) â€Å"Benchmarking is anything taken or used as a point of reference or comparison. Something that serves as a standard by which others may be served; it is all to do with anything or something that is comparatively measurable†. (Zairi 1988) The core of benchmarking practice is the sequence of identifying the best and most suitable standard of quality for products, services, or processes, and making the improvements necessary to reach those standards. These are described as best practices. (Bhutta and Huq 1999). Best Practices normally start with manufacturing as this is the core of the enterprise and on this strength organisations aim

Assess the view that ethnic differences Essay Example for Free

Assess the view that ethnic differences Essay ?An Ethnic minority background increases your chances of arrest and conviction, some people argue that police racism in itself results in higher suspicion against black people in general. According to official statistics there are significant ethnic differences in the likelihood of being involved in the criminal justice system. Black and Asians are overrepresented in the system. For example black people make up 2. 8% of the population, but 11% of the prison population. Contrastingly whites are underrepresented. However such statistics do not tell us whether members of one ethnic group are more likely than members of another ethnic group to commit an offence in the first place; they just tell us about involvement in the criminal justice system. For example differences in stop and search or arrest rates may be due to police racism, while differences in rates of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing down harsher sentences on minorities. There are other sources of statistics to reveal link of ethnicity and offending. Victim surveys ask individuals to say what crimes they have been victims of. We can get information on ethnicity and offending from surveys when we ask what ethnicity of the person who committed the crime against them. For example in the case of mugging blacks are overly represented among those indentified by victims as offenders. Victim surveys show much crime is intra-ethnic; it takes place within rather than between ethnic groups. For example the British crime survey (2007) found 90% of where the victim was white; at least one of the offenders was also white. However while victim surveys are useful in identifying ethnic patterns of offending, they have several limitations. They rely on a victim’s memory of events. Ben Bowling and Coretta Phillips (2002) found whites may over identify blacks, saying the offender was black even when not sure. They only cover personal crimes, which make up 20% of all crimes. They exclude under 16s; minority ethnic groups contain a higher proportion of young people. They exclude crimes by big business; thus tell us nothing of ethnicity of white collar criminals. Thus victim surveys only tell us about the ethnicity of a small proportion of offenders, which may not be representative of offenders in general. Self report studies ask individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour. Graham and Bowling (1995) found that blacks and whites had similar rates of offending, while Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had lower rates. Similarly Sharp and Budd (2005) note that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found whites and mixed ethnic origin groups were more likely than blacks and Asians to say they had committed offences. The Home Office have conducted nine self report studies on drugs since the early 1990s, all with similar findings. Sharp and Budd (2005) found 27% of mixed ethnicity individuals said they had used drugs in the last year, compared to 16% of blacks and whites, and 5% of Asians. Use of class a drugs, such as heroin or cocaine was 3 times higher among whites than blacks and Asians. The findings of self report studies challenge stereotypes of blacks more likely than whites to offend, though they support the widely held view Asians are less likely to offend, however self report studies have their limitations in relation to ethnicity and offending. Overall the evidence of ethnicity and offending is inconsistent. For example while official statistics and victim surveys point to the likelihood of higher rates of offending by blacks; this is generally not the results of self report studies. There are ethnic differences at each stage of the criminal justice process. To explain them we need to look at main stages of the process that an individual may go through, possibly culminating in a custodial sentence. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue since the 70s there have been many allegations of oppressive policing of minorities, including stop and search, deaths in custody, police violence and failure to respond effectively to racist violence. Minorities are more likely to be stopped and searched by police. Statistics show Asians were three times more likely to be searched under this act. Its thus unsurprising minorities are less likely to think police acted politely when stopped, or think they were stopped fairly. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue these communities feel over policed and over protected and have limited faith in the police. There are three possible reasons for the disproportionate use of stop and search against minorities. Police racism; the Macpherson Report (1999) on the police investigation of the racist murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence concluded there was institutional racism in the Metropolitan police. Other have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers. For example Phillips and Bowling point out that many officers hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to deliberate targeting for stop and search. Such stereotypes are endorsed and upheld by the canteen culture of rank and file officers. Ethnic differences in offending; an alternative explanation is that the disproportionality in stop and searches simply reflects ethnic differences in levels of offending. However it’s useful to distinguish between low discretion and high discretion stops. In low discretion stops police act on relevant information about a specific offence, for example a victim’s description of the offender. In high discretion stops police act without specific intelligence. It is in these stops police can use stereotypes that disproportionality and discrimination are more likely. Demographic factors; ethnic minorities are over represented in the population groups who are most likely to be stopped such as the young, the unemployed, manual workers and urban dwellers. These groups are all more likely to be stopped, regardless of their ethnicity, but they are also groups who have a higher proportion of ethnic minorities in them, so minorities get stopped more. Figures in England and Wales show that in 2006/07, the arrest rates for blacks was 3. 6 times higher than for whites. Contrastingly once arrested blacks and Asians were less likely to receive a police caution. One reason for this may be more likely to deny the offence and likely to exercise their right to legal advice. However not admitting the offence means they cannot be let off with a caution and are more likely to be charged instead. The crown prosecution service is the body responsible for deciding whether a case brought by the police should be prosecuted in court. In doing so CPS must decide whether there is a realistic prospect of conviction and whether the prosecution is in the public’s interest. Studies suggest the CPS is more likely to drop cases against minorities. Bowling and Phillips (2002) argue this may be because the evidence presented to the CPS by the police is often weaker and based on stereotyping of ethnic minorities as criminals. When cases do go ahead minorities are more likely to elect trial before a jury in the Crown Court rather than the magistrates court, perhaps due to mistrust of magistrates impartiality. However crown courts can impose more severe sentences if convicted. Thus is interesting to note minorities are less likely to be found guilty. This suggests discrimination, in that the police and CPS may be bringing weaker or less serious cases against ethnic minorities that are thrown out by the courts. In 2006/7 custodial sentences were given to a greater proportion of black offenders (68%) than white (55%) or Asian offenders (59%), whereas whites and Asians were more likely than blacks to receive community sentences. This may be due to differences in seriousness of the offences or defendants previous convictions. However a study of 5 crown courts by roger Hood (1992) found even when such factors were taken into account, black men were 5% more likely to receive a custodial sentence, and were given sentences of an average of 3 months longer than whites. Another reason for harsher sentences id pre sentence reports (PRs) written by probation officers. A PRs is intended as a risk assessment to assist magistrates in deciding on the appropriate sentence for a given offender. However Hudson and Bramhall (2005) argue that PRs allow for unwitting discrimination. They found reports on Asian offenders were less comprehensive and suggested that they were less remorseful than white offenders. They place this bias in the context of demonising Muslims in the wake of 9/11 attacks. In 2007, one quarter of the male prison population was minorities. Blacks were five times more likely to be in prison than whites. Black and Asians were more likely to be serving longer sentences. Within the total prison population all minorities had a higher than average proportion of prisoners on remand. This is because minorities are less likely to be granted bail whilst awaiting trial. There are similar patterns in other countries, for example in USA two fifths of prison population is black. There was large scale migration from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent in the 50s, at this time it was agreed minorities had lower crime rates. However by the 70s there was conflict between blacks and the police meaning â€Å"black criminality† became more of a problem. Contrastingly by the 90s Asian crime also became viewed as a problem. Events e. g. 9/11 cemented the idea that Asians were a threat to public order. There are two main explanations for ethnic differences in crime; left realism and neo-Marxism. Left realists Lea and Young (1993) argue ethnic differences in statistics reflect real differences in the levels of offending by different ethnic groups. Left realists see crime the product of relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation. They argue racism had led to economic exclusion of ethnic minorities who face higher unemployment, poverty and poor housing. At the same time the Medias emphasis on consumerism promotes a sense of relative deprivation by setting materialistic goals that many minorities are unable to reach by legitimate means. One response is formation of delinquent subcultures, especially by young unemployed blacks. It produces higher utilitarian crime to cope with relative deprivation. Furthermore as these groups are marginalised and have no groups to represent their interests their frustration is liable to produce non utilitarian crime such as rioting. Lea and Young acknowledge police often act in racist ways and results in unjustified criminalisation of some members of minorities. However they don’t believe discriminatory policing fully explains the statistics. For example over 90% of crimes known to the police are reported by the public rather than discovered themselves. Under these circumstances even if police act discriminatory it’s unlikely it can account for ethnic differences in statistics. Similarly Lea and Young argue we cannot explain differences in minorities in terms of police racism. For example blacks are more criminalised than Asians. The police would have to be selective in their racism for racism to cause these differences. Lea and Young thus conclude that the statistics represent real differences in levels of offending between ethnic groups and these are caused by real differences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation. However Lea and Young can be criticised for their views on the role of police racism. For example arrest rates may be lower for Asians because police stereotype them differently. Stereotypes may have changed since 9/11, explaining rising criminalisation of this group. While left realists see official statistics reflecting real differences in offending between ethnic groups, other sociologists have argued differences in statistics do not reflect reality. These differences are the outcome of a process of social construction that stereotypes ethnic minorities as inherently more criminal than the majority of the population. The work of neo Marxists Paul Gilroy (1982) and Stuart Hall (1979) illustrates this view. Gilroy argues the idea of black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbean’s and Asians. In reality these groups are no more criminal than any other. However as a result of the police and criminal justice system acting on these racist stereotypes, ethnic minorities came to be criminalised and thus to appear in greater numbers in official statistics. Gilroy argues ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political resistance against a racist society, and this struggle has roots in earlier struggle against British imperialism. Gilroy holds a similar view to that of critical criminology which argues working class crime is a political act against capitalism. Most blacks and Asians in the UK originated from former colonies where their anti imperialist struggles taught them how to resist oppression, for example through riots and demonstrations. When they found themselves facing racism in Britain they adopted the same form of struggles to defend themselves, but their political struggle was criminalised by the British state. However Lea, Young and Gilroy are criticised on several grounds. First generation immigrants were very law abiding, so it’s unlikely they passed their anti colonialist struggle onto their children. Most crime is interethnic, criminals and victims usually have similar ethnic backgrounds, so it can’t be seen as anti colonial struggle against racism. Lea and Young argue Gilroy romanticises street crime as revolutionary. Asian crime rates are similar to or lower than whites. If Gilroy were right then the police are only racist towards black and not Asians, which seems unlikely. Stuart Hall et al adopt a neo Marxist perspective. They argue the 70s saw a moral panic over black muggers that served the interests of capitalism. Hall et all argues the ruling class can normally rule the subordinate classes through consent. However in times of crisis this becomes more difficult. In the early 70s British capitalism faced a crisis. High inflation and rising unemployment provoked widespread industrial unrest and strikes. When opposition to capitalism was growing the ruling class may need to use force to keep control. However the use of force needs to be legitimated or provoke more resistance. The 70s also saw a media driven panic of the growth of mugging. In reality mugging was a new name for street robbery and Hall et al suggest there was no significant increase of this crime at the time. Mugging was soon to be associated by the media, police and politicians with black youth. Hall et al argues that the emergence of the moral panic about mugging as a specifically black crime at the same time as crisis of capitalism was no coincidence; the moral panic and crisis were linked. The myth of the black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract attention from the true cause of problems of unemployment, namely the crisis of capitalism. The black mugger symbolised disintegration of social order. By presenting black youth as a threat to the fabric of society the moral panic served to divide the working class on racial grounds and weaken opposition to capitalism as well as winning popular consent to authoritarian forms of rule to suppress opposition. However Hall et al do not argue that black crime was solely a product of media and police labelling. The crisis of capitalism was increasingly marginalising black youth through unemployment and drove them to a lifestyle of hustling and petty crime to survive. However Hall et al have been criticised on several grounds. Downes and Rock (2003) argue that Hall et al are inconsistent in claiming that black street crime was not rising, but also that it was rising because of unemployment. They do not show how a capitalist crisis led to a moral panic, nor do they provide evidence that the public were in fact panicking or blaming crime on blacks. Left realists argue inner city residents fears about mugging are not panicky but realistic. Until recently the focus of the ethnicity and crime debate was largely about the over representation of blacks in the criminal justice system. However recently sociologists have studied racist victimisation of ethnic minorities. Racist victimisation occurs when an individual is selected as a target because of their race, gender or religion. Racist victimisation is nothing new, but brought into public view with the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent Macpherson inquiry into the police investigation. Information of victimisation comes from two main sources; the British crime survey and police recorded statistics. These generally cover racist incidents, any incident perceived to be racist by the victim or another person. They also cover racially or religiously aggravated offences where the offender is motivated by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group. The police recorded 60,000 racist incidents in England and Wales in 2006/7, mostly damage to property and verbal harassment. However most incidents go unreported; the British crime survey estimates there were 184,000 racially motivated incidents in 2006/7. The police recorded 42,600 racially or religiously aggravated offences on 06/7, mostly harassment. 10,600 people were prosecuted or cautioned for racially aggravated offences in 2006. The risk of being a victim of any sort of crime varies by ethnic group. The 2006/7 British crime survey shows people of mixed ethnic background had a higher risk of becoming a victim of crime than blacks, Asians or whites. The differences may be partly the result of factors other than ethnicity. For example for violent crime factors such as being young, male and unemployed are strongly linked to victimisation. Ethnic groups with a high proportion of young males are thus likely to have higher rates of victimisation. However some of these factors such as unemployment are themselves partly due to discrimination while the statistics record the instances of victimisation they don’t capture the victim’s experience of it. As Sampson and Phillips (1992) note racist victimisation tends to be over time with repeated minor instances of abuse with periodic physical violence. The resulting long term psychological impact needs to be added to the physical injury and damage to property caused by offenders. Members of minority ethnic communities have often been active in responding to victimisation. Responses range from situational crime prevention measures such as fireproof doors to organised self defence campaigns. Such responses need to be understood in the context of accusations of under protection by the police who often ignore the racist dimension in victimisation and fail to investigate incidents properly. For example the Macpherson enquiry (1999) concluded the police investigation into the death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence was marred by incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. Others have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers.

Avoid Problems when You Buy or Sell Websites :: Technology, Business, E-Business

Avoid Problems when You Buy or Sell Websites Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com The biggest thing a seller can do to make certain that a transaction proceeds smoothly is to adequately prepare the website’s financial statements. The owner should prepare a complete set of financial documents, going back two years at least, that accurately and fully represents the website’s current business condition. Website owners have a choice here: those financial statements can be audited or simply reviewed by an accounting firm; or they can be compiled by the website owner. But audited statements offer sellers the best hope of speeding a deal along. With audited numbers, the buyer knows that your financials are accurate and doesn't have to waste time recalculating them. Closings can also grind to a halt when a website seller doesn't prepare interim financial reports. These reports don't have to be audited, but they do have to give the buyer a sense of the website’s financial condition. If the website has warts, there's no point trying to hide them. A buyer will discover them during due diligence, which could send you back to square one. Another cause for concern is when the website seller enters negotiations without having worked out the bottom line, the actual after-tax compensation he or she wants. That's a problem because different deals - and deal structures - can have different tax implications. Deals can fall apart when the payment to Uncle Sam is calculated too close to closing and the selling price no longer looks adequate to the website seller. Of course, buyers can also create problems for themselves.

Japan’s Aging Society Essay

I. Introduction/ Topic Explanation Japan has the fastest aging population in the world. After the second world war, rising productivity and a fast-growing labor force created a growth miracle, in which Japan went from the ruins of war to the world’s second-largest economy. In the next few decades, that process will go in reverse as the working-age population shrinks, along with the declining birth rate. The economy will shrink unless Japan finds a way to make its productivity rise faster than the decline of its workforce. This paper will examine the economic and social effects of an aging society and offer recommendations to alleviate the issue. II. Identification of Problem The extent and impact of a rapidly aging society (koreika shakai) is of great public concern in Japan. Already 23% of Japanese are age 65 or older, with the expectation that over-65s will grow to 41% by 2055. Caught by the dual impact of an aging society and a plummeting birth rate, Japan’s total population is estimated to decrease by 25% from 127.8 million in 2005 to 95.2 million by 2050. By 2050, four out of ten Japanese will be over 65 (PBR, 2010). The impact of these trends will affect every aspect of Japanese society in the decades to come. Source: PDR Source: The Economist Japan’s demographic problem has its roots in decreasing birth rates and longer lifespans. The former have begun to starve the country for young workers to replace those retiring, while the latter ensure that a growing population of retired citizens will be dependent on a diminishing working population. Although every industrialized country faces this problem, Japan’s situation is by far the worst, not least because Japan has no hope of an influx of youthful immigrants to lessen the problem. According to Japan’s Ministry of Health and Welfare, in less than five years the country’s demographic trends will give it a population profile like Florida’s. By 2015, one in four Japanese citizens will be 65 or older. In 2010, Japan had fewer than half the workers per retiree it had in 1997, a mere 2.5 people of working age for every pensioner. And since not all of working age choose to work or can find employment, it is likely that in the early 21st century Ja pan will have fewer than two people at work for every retiree. Death rates have fallen dramatically, and the average life span of a Japanese citizen has increased by about 30 years over the past half century. Life expectancy is now 82 for women and 76 for men. People in their eighties and nineties have become commonplace in Japan, and even the number of centenarians is rapidly increasing. As of September 2012, Japan now has more than 50,000 centenarian citizens. (Wall Street Journal, 2012). Population began to fall in 2008 and in 2012 stood at 127.6 million. The median age is 45.6 years – much higher than the regional average. The aging of Japanese society could undermine economic performance. The government estimates that 40% of the population will be of retirement age by 2060. The marriage rate has fallen by a third from its peak in 1972 and the fertility rate currently stands at just 1.4 births per female, down from 1.9 in 1977. (Passport GMID, 2012). There will soon be a dire shortage of caregivers for the elderly. When visiting elderly facilities and nursing homes, we can see that the elderly are cared for by the near-elderly (Birt, 2010). What happens when the caregivers need care? Who will provide the physically and mentally demanding work of caring for those suffering from dementia, those who are infirm with disease, and those who are most vulnerable? Governments can build hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities, but there is no immediate solution for supplying caregivers when the population pyramid has been turned upside down. Analysis/ Evaluation Japan’s population is aging faster than that of any other country in the world. The unprecedented increase in retirees relative to the size of Japan’s work force will force extreme change if the nation is to avoid a economic and fiscal crisis, or worse. Japan’s income inequality has worsened over time. One reason is that as the country ages, the income of its elderly falls relative to that of wage earners. These dramatic demographic changes will force Japan to shrink its high savings rate, reverse its trade surplus, send more industry overseas, liberalize its tightly controlled markets, and take on a more active, high-profile foreign policy. As a result of the increasing number of elderly retirees, the Japanese government’s social security spending is predicted to increase dramatically. Between the years 2000 and 2006, two million additional people began using Japan’s social security services. Currently, elderly or retired Japanese workers account to 70% of all social security spending. Between 2000 and 2005, Japanese social security spending for the elderly grew 16%, from 53 trillion yen (532 billion USD) to over 61 trillion (617 billion USD). The 2005 total social security spending comes out to 23% of the Japanese national income, with 12.6% of that accounting for pensions alone. In 2008, social security spending accounted for over 26% of the Japan’s national government expenditures. With the number of participants in these programs projected to increase by 11 million people by 2050, the expenditures will increase at an extremely rapid rate. (Whytock, 2009). The 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami hit the elderly populations of Japan hard, with many of them unable to flee to higher ground. Japan’s elderly were hardest hit by the crisis, as noted immediately in media coverage from both Japan and abroad. Unable to move to higher ground and vulnerable in every sense of the word to natural disasters, the elderly suffered terribly. In one particularly shocking incident, Japan’s Self Defense Force discovered 128 elderly people abandoned by medical staff at a hospital very close to the Fukushima nuclear plant. Many were ill and 14 died shortly afterwards. (East Asia Forum, 2010). IV. Potential Strategies/ Solutions One solution to the unbalanced worker-retiree ratios is that Japan may have to consider allowing and even encouraging more immigration. Japan is frequently thought of as an anti-immigration country, however they have allowed an increasing number of foreigners to take up residence. In 1950, there were 599,000 non-Japanese in the country, the vast majority Koreans.8 By 2006, the number had risen to 2 million from many countries, with the number of Koreans declining and the number of Chinese rising (PBR, 2010). If Japan can overcome its traditional resistance to immigration and become a more diverse society, it may ease the burden in caring for the increasing proportion of elders. In an effort to spur population growth, the government recently introduced a child benefit program which provides parents with  ¥13,000 per month (Passport GMID, 2012). The sum is substantial compared with earlier programs but is not generous relative to the support offered in other industrialized countries. Another possible solution to increase birth rates is for the government to increase funding for similar child benefit programs. V. Concluding Comments Japan has a tremendous capacity for change and adaptation, as evidenced from their Post-War transformation from a country in ruins to a sophisticated world economy and democracy. Now with their population triangle turning upside down, they will again need to transform their society to care for their many elderly. Now they will have to draw on their legacy of technology, entrepreneurship and social innovation to meet challenges they will face in the next few decades. The same demographic forces—rapid aging and plummeting birth rates—are also at work in other Asian countries such as Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, and China. The United States as well has to deal with their aging baby boomers and a social security crisis. However, Japan leads the way in terms of the severity of their elderly crisis, and if they can find a way to solve it, they can lead the rest of the world down the right path.

George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis

ALFONSO OTERO MIRELES 938394 FOREING POLICY George W. Bush during Afghanistan’s War on Terror POLITICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON DONNA H. KERR The term War on Terror refers to an ongoing, worldwide campaign against terrorism led by the United States and supported by several other countries, most notoriously England and members of NATO. The term was first used under George W. Bush’s administration following the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States, where 2996 people lost their lives and more than 6000 others were injured.Within months after the 9/11 attacks, the US sent troops to Afghanistan because this was believed to be the operational base for Al-Qaeda, at the same time the US looked to dethrone the Taliban regime and ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this middle eastern country. Two years after the occupation, and without yet finding Bin Laden, the US embarks in yet another military invasion, this time against Iraq. This War on Terror has be en worldwide known as the Bush War, due to his effusive support and controversy.The implementing agent during Afghanistan’s war is without a doubt the Bush administration, they are the ones who started it, developed it and spent the most money on implementing the war. The authorizing agent in this situation would arguably be the United Nations because According to the UN’s rules, The US had to get approval from the UN’s Security Council in order to go ahead with the wars. In the case of Afghanistan, the UN accepted the occupancy, backing up their decision with the consent of most members plus an official report that stated that around 70% of deaths in this country were caused by the Taliban regime.The Conditional Imperative was the danger that Middle-Eastern Terrorist groups represent for the United States and the world and how nobody, not even the United States was safe from another possible attack. The recurring conditions of post-traumatic fear and terrorism fobia became a part of the everyday life of the average North American; the constant news reports on violence in some Middle Eastern countries was also a condition that needed to be ‘’fixed’’ by the US’s democracy Since its start the United States has maintained itself stable in ll of his policies regarding Afghanistan, they have indeed substituted policies in Iraq (after leaving the country) but as to Afghanistan they have only talked and promised to change it, but up until this day there has been not a notorious substitution of policies. All important declaration were made publicly, virtually everyone in the world was aware of the US’s decision of invading Afghanistan, and most of Bush’s declarations towards the topic.Of course the relevant public in this case would be the US’s government and population, the UK’s government and population and any other country that supported or was against the war, also the United Natio ns council and of course and Afghanistan’s entire population and ruling powers. GEORGE W. BUSH PERFORMANCE DURING IRAQ’s WAR Bush’s administration decided to go ahead and send troops to Iraq in 2003. With a similar approach as in Afghanistan, the occupation was led by George W.Bush and supported mainly by the UK. The main reasons where the belief that the Iraqi government was harboring weapons of mass destruction and some claims that linked Iraqi officials with terrorist group A-Qaeda. The lack of evidence of this weapons and the high costs of the two wars during times of economic instabilities led to an avalanche of national and international criticism and lack of support for the Bush administration, even though no consistent proof was (or has up to this day) been presented, George W.Bush won the following reelections and the North American troops remained officially in Iraq’s soil until December 2011. The military prescience of the US still remains in A fghanistan up-until this day. Bush’s administration main goals and objectives was primarily finding this infamous Weapons of Mass destruction, hunt down and get rid of all officials linked to Al-Qaeda, this included the nation’s leader Sadaam Hussein, who aside from being accused of crimes against humanity he was also believed to be linked to Al-Qaeda an of course to ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this country.The UN gave Iraq one last opportunity through the resolution 1441 to come clean about the weapons of mass destruction. Iraq allowed inspectors to go and search for them. The United States blamed Iraq’s government of not being cooperative, and went ahead and used the force even though the resolution didn’t authorize the use of force even if they had been found. This is when he first option for Bush comes, he could’ve easily gone the other way and simply acccept the fact that there may not have been any secret weapons in the first place and not does anything relevant in Iraq, including not removing Sadam Hussein from power. A second option could have been accepting the UN’s statement of not using the force, admitting that there isn’t enough proof of the harboring of weapons but still destitute Hussein from power, and install a US hosted presidency.The third option would be also to dethrone Hussein, stop looking for weapons but stop not installing a US government overseas and simply let the Iraqi people decide for themselves. If Bush simply retracted from all accusations against Iraq, sent the troops back and not do anything against Hussein, there would’ve been an initial reaction of public opinion concerning mainly on Bush’s indecision and lack of consistent information. It would be hard to simply accept they were wrong and just leave.Moneywise, the costs of sending troops would still affect the economy but not as much as it did in reality, of course depending on when the dec ision would’ve been made. Supposing that Bush had accepted its wrongful information referring weapons of mass destruction, decided to leave the country, but not without restituting Hussein, I guess public opinion would judge this decision harsh, he would still increase public debt paying for the time of the troops in Iraq, but would maintain a high influence on this country by imposing its US funded government.I think in a utopian world, Bush should have gone with decision number 3, which meant the same as option two but without imposing its own ‘’democratic’’ government, this would appear as if the country was acting upon mere sympathy, a situation not common at all when it involves the US and wars. The Iraqi people could choose whatever form of government they wanted, which for me I think it sounds fair, it shouldn’t be up to the superpowers decide who will rule over weaker countries, but on the other hand I would suppose violence would inc rease, division and the local hunt for power could bring a mess of a consequence.Other countries and organizations including peace corps and the UN could also help out control the mayhem. Many theories surrounding the veracity of this accusations and the lack of overall evidence that backed up the US’s actions led to questioning over the real goals for George W. Bush in Iraq. Public opposition claimed that Bush was looking only in Iraq for oil and more power. Accoring to author John Harold Chapman of UK’s newspaper, the whole purpose behind the war was the hunt for oil and that the economic situation upon which the United States was going through justifies this answer.In his own words: Control over Iraqi oil should improve security of supplies to the US, and possibly the UK, with the development and exploration contracts between Saddam and China, France, India, Indonesia and Russia being set aside in favour of US and possibly British companies. And a US military presen ce in Iraq is an insurance policy against any extremists in Iran and Saudi Arabia. The prisoners dilemma represent BUSH on one hand with two options, whether to admit the lack of proof refereeing to weapons of mass destructions in Iraq, and on the other hand the percentage of his political party that supports him.Which in a way are pretending not to know about the lack of evidence and in a way ‘’hope for the other prisoner to be quiet. All assumptions are based on the hypothetically situation in which both know the weapons are a lie. 1)In one paragraph, describe and analyze the leader’s use of â€Å"cognitive shortcuts† and experience with â€Å"cognitive dissonance. † For example, the policy and culture of the Bush administration was one of war expansion, regardless of fact. They sought war and when confronted with conflicting evidence and faulty intelligence on Saddam Hussein, they went ahead and invaded anyway.Minimum paragraphs: 1 Minimum source s: 1 (excluding Neack) As to cognitive dissonance and Bush, I would say it’s a trick that he has played to the US government, he can go and invade a foreign country, in the case of Iraq, knowing that there isn’t enough proof to go and invade, both a big number or Iraqui civilians and US soldiers will lose their lives, public debt will increase, the already unstable economy will get directly affected but at the end, he uses this psychological tool to exclude and not metion the downside of going to war and just promising democracy for the needy, a ‘’greater good’’.Hurrican Katrin is also a good example of the hand-picking selection of information provided to the public regarding the delay of the help post-hurricane. Both appointments occurred under President Bush, who in 2001 also appointed two other civilians, James Roche (General Motors) and Thomas E. White (Enron), to head the Air Force and Army. William D. Hartung, Head of the Arms Trade Re source Center, challenged the appointments because he felt it was unethical to appoint businessmenwhose former companies would be the prime beneficiaries of increases in defense spending.Hartung further noted that at no time in recent history had military appointments been made from the civilian sector. With the use of cognitive shortcuts, Bush’s administration has been dealing with the big percentage of public discontent, providing only certain information that could be relevant in some cases, for example during the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, he never gave a real reason why there was a significant delay of help provided by the government, but instead he only focused on informing how much the delayed help forces helped once they arrived there.Iraq would still be the best example, by the big amoung of congnotive shortcuts used to cover the lack of information regarding Al-Qaeda’s connection to Iraq and evidently about the weapons. Comments: Good job, but you missed the Bureaucratic Model section! Some of your bibliography formatting was not correct. Grade: B+ Kerr, D. (1976). The logic of ‘policy† and successful policies. Policy Sciences, 7(3), 351-363. Neack, L. (2008). The new foreign policy: Power seeking in a globalized era. (Second ed. . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign policy analysis: A comparative introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ARTICLE UN – TALIBAN 70% DEATHS http://articles. cnn. com/2011-12-15/middleeast/world_meast_iraq-us-ceremony_1_iraq-war-iraq-body-count-iraqis-struggle? _s=PM:MIDDLEEAST UN RESOLUTION 1441 http://www. undemocracy. com/securitycouncil/meeting_4644#pg010-bk01 JOHN HARROLD CHAPMAN, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2004/jul/28/iraq. usa

How to help people essays

How to help people essays Every person has a tremendous number of skills or abilities. Some of them are obtained by experience, others appear in an early childhood. One of my skills is my knowledge of how to give medical treatment during illness. I gained this skill after my graduation from pharmacy school, where I invented a new world of medicine. In my essay, I will give several recommendations for rational behavior during sicknesses as a common cold, stress and headache. First, a cold is an inflammatory condition of upper respiratory tract due to viral, allergic or mixed infection. There are many available treatments for the common cold. In my eyes, herbal remedies are the most appropriate medicaments for reducing the cold. In this infection, I usually advise people to use ginger and lemon. Ginger is an excellent remedy for cold. About 10 gm of ginger must be cut into small pieces, boiled in a cup of water, strained, and then added an additional half-teaspoon of sugar to it. This decoction should be drunk when it is hot. Adding few pieces of ginger into boiled water, then adding the tealeaves is the formula for ginger tea. It should be taken twice daily. Lemon is beneficial in all types of cold with fever. Vitamin C- rich lemon juice increases body resistance, decreases toxicity, and reduces the duration of the illness. Lemon should be diluted in a glass of warm water, and a teaspoon of honey should be added to it. So, if you start to use these remedies, you may forget about chemical pills that change your metabolism in an unfavorable way. My friends always ask me how to deal with stress. My answer is taking frequent effective exercise, which is probably one of the best physical stress reduction techniques available. Exercise improves your unfit condition, relaxes muscles and helps you to sleep. An important thing to remember is that exercise should be fun. If you do not enjoy it, then you will probably not keep doing it. The p...

Alistairs Heroism

Alistair suddenly woke up. He looked around. No He may have sworn to say what heard. He must have dreamed. When Alistair listened to it again, he was preparing to fall asleep again. This is a bit silly. Alistair got up from his cold mat as his bed. He has to find something about it. He wears a dirty patchwork cloak and passed the door of a crackling sound. His owner Torbin did not even notice his absence. Alistair quickly ran to the bush where he heard the noise. This week's geospatial Friday, we will enter space through British Guildford to meet Alistair Maclenan. Alistair is the founder of QuarryOne Eleven, a geographical B2B marketing agency, and is the president of UK GeoForum. As a very active participant in the UK geospatial community, Alistair recently wrote an excellent article emphasizing one of the main strengths of integration in Europe. On June 23, the British citizen will answer the question Is the UK a member of the EU or will you leave the EU? This is their first chanc e to decide their membership since 1975 when Britain participated in the then general market at the time and made the last referendum. This is not the first threat to the EU in the near future - Greece almost went to the door last year Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay Mike Todd McKay McLean Alistair McLean Alistair McLean Alistair McLean Charles McLean Moira McMillan Bonnie MacMillan Macrone Michael Madden Chris Carson Madgulkar Vyangicz Machalkar Vyankatesh Madhavan from the storage Maconie Stewart Dr., Cavery restaurants Madhavan Meenakshi Reddy Madhavan Meenakshi Reddy Madonna magazine Pradeep Magic School Bus Magic School Bus Magic tree House Magic Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Magic Tree House Mag ic Wood House Magical Tree House Magical Tree House Magical Tree House Magical Tree House Magical Tree House Magic Tree house magic tree house magic tree house magic tree house A sword of tungsten from Vienna led Amy, Dan and Nelly to Japan and found a clue related to Japanese samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In cooperation with Alistair Oh and Kabras, three went to Korea who lived at Alistair's home. Alistair's secret library book took them to a hill called Pukhansan. The team found the entrance to the cave to hide the treasure of Hideyoshi and gold which is the third clue. Dan decoded the puzzle and deceived the Cabras, the Cablus escaped and sealed the rest of the cave. After escaping, Dan, Amy, Nelly visited Egypt as suggested by the puzzle.

How does King Louis XIV's history reflect the louvre Research Paper

How does King Louis XIV's history reflect the louvre - Research Paper Example This brief analysis will look at the Louvre from the perspective of what additions and changes Louis XIV added, what unique architectural flavors he added, and the overall reason that he eventually abandoned this project and moved his palace to the southern shore of France at Versailles. Although the Louvre was already in existence when Louis XIV began his reign, it was this monarch that provided some of the biggest changes to the aging and outdated structure/palace. One of the first projects and additions that Louis XIV made was the addition of the Pavillon de l’Horloge (or the Clock Pavilion as it is more commonly known in the English speaking world). This Clock Pavilion is not only indicative of the Baroque era architecture that was championed by the artists of the time, it also holds unique elemental details of the opulence and grandeur that came to define the rule of Louis XIV and served as further inspiration for him when the palace was eventually moved to Versailles. Al though the Clock Pavilion is but one example, it is indicative of a larger whole with respect to the fact that many of the renovations and facade developments that the Louvre underwent during this time mirrored the architectural schemes that were developed originally at the Clock Pavilion. A secondary example of the changes that Louis XIV effected on the Louvre during its time as a Parisian residence for the royal family is the interior changes that are indicated by the Apollo Gallery (Hanser 15). This gilded extravagantly designed, gold trimmed hall exhibits an intricate ceiling that itself rivals some of the more impressive cathedral dome paintings. What Louis XIV did with this particular gallery is he combined elements of the original medieval architecture that defined the hall with the baroque opulence and grandeur that defined nearly every project he oversaw. The type of work that is reflected in the Apollo Gallery is also indicative of many of the later buildings and expansion s Louis XIV would make at Versailles. Although many years separated the construction projects at the Louvre from that at Versailles, Louis XIV preferences and distinct tastes with respect to art and architecture varied little. As alluded to earlier, when Louis XIV moved his capital to Versailles, due to fear of political cabals against him in Paris, the building campaigns and renovations that occurred were in no way dissimilar or non-comparable to the ones that had been performed previously in Paris (Chaudonneret 488). The following photographic evidence will work to prove a clear and decisive link between the two. This image represents the Pavillon de l’Horloge (or the Clock Pavilion as it is more commonly known). This Clock Pavilion was one of the first additions that Louis XIV made to the Louvre and can consequently be considered as a Western Gate of the palace. The Apollo Gallery is evidence of a few of the ways that Louis XIV changed the interior nature of the palace dur ing the time it was in use as a Parisian residence. This particular image shows the Apollo Gallery in greater detail so that it is possible to notice both the medieval influences that the elongated hall illustrates as well as the detail of the ceiling paintings that were earlier alluded to in the analysis. This image is taken from Louis XIV’s residence at Versailles. It is easy to notice the distinct similarity to this â€Å"Hall of Mirrors†

Interpersonal Communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Communication - Article Example The writer, Chris Zervas, states that, the area of constructive criticism can be problematic as "We say things we don't mean or recipients hear more than was meant." (1) Therefore, often during constructive criticism in a potentially sensitive area such as the workplace, direct channels of interpersonal communication are not functioning correctly. The sender is communicating the wrong message, using inadequate phrasing and wrong information whilst the other participant receives a distorted or exaggerated message. The receiver subconsciously picks up another message from indirect channels of interpersonal communication. These indirect channels may include the tone of voice of the sender or his body language. The receiver may suspect that the sender has hidden motivations, revealed by these uncontrolled actions. The receiver also may react defensively as he or she may feel that their position within the work team is threatened. Chris Zervas uses his management insight to implement "ski llful communication" which "can make these situations far less volatile."(2) Zervas states that the important connotation of the senders message should make the receiver feel respected and valued, which is the converse of how criticism generally makes people feel.

Literature review summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature review summary - Assignment Example Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?  Ioannis Leftheriotis and Michail N. Giannakos  2013  Computers in Human Behavior. To examine whether employees utilize social media for work purposes, what principles boost this usage, and if that utilization is linked with their performance. 1799 employees Feedback in the insurance industry was used to scrutinize the effect of social media on work.   Questioners was the method used   and the questioners were distributed in three ways: (a) Researchers visit the participants work place and give the questionnaire on printed paper. (b) Researchers send an email containing the questionnaire in an on-line form to participants from distant cities. (c)The IIS Institute holds two large conferences all over the country with people from the insurance industry; links to the online questionnaire are distributed to the conference attendees  Results confirmed that in the case of social media for work, employees make extended use of them no matter their age. We found also that both utilitarian and hedonic values influence employees to use more social media for their work, at least in the insurance sector. Last but not least, this study confirms that there is an important relation between the use of social media and the work performance  only a small number of possible motivations based on the literature or experts were exploredThe consumption of the social media has an impact on the ability of the employee. As such the use within an organization is crucial to the employer.

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency?

Should Indonesia Redenomindate Its Currency? The monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian Countries from July 1996 affected the development of the Indonesian economy. Apparently, the Indonesian economy was not able to face the global crisis engulfing the world. Indonesias economic crisis began with the weakening of the rupiah against the US dollar. On August 1st, 1997, the rupiah fell from 2,575 to 2,603 per dollar. In December 1997, the value of the rupiah against the US dollar fell to 5,000 per dollar. Soon, in March 1998, the rupiah continued to weaken and reached the lowest point, 16,000 per dollar. Adam (2000) argues that it seems Indonesias economic crisis could not be separated from a variety of conditions, namely (1) Indonesia foreign debt was very large. Although, the debt is not fully national debt, which means some parts are private debt, but it had a great effect on worsening the economic crisis . (2) Industrialization; the New Order government wanted to make Indonesia an industrialized country. The desire was not i n accordance with real conditions of Indonesian society, which was predominantly agrarian with a very low level of education. (3) The centralized administration of the New Order government meant that all policies were determined from Jakarta. Therefore, the crucial role of local governments only served as an extension of the central government. However, by the year of 2009 Indonesian economic development had become more stable than before. In fact, when most countries in the world experiencing negative economic growth, Indonesias GDP growth rate reached 4.5 percent (Indonesian Central Statistic Agency, 2010). This put Indonesia as one of the three best performing countries in economic terms the following year, in addition to China and India. Based on second Quarterly Indonesian Economic Growth Report in 2010, Indonesias high economic growth, supported by increased of exports, investment recovery, and maintained the level of public consumption (Indonesia Central Statistic Agency, 2010). Based on the largest Indonesian online newspaper Kompas.com, in August 2010, due to economic growth and stability, the Central Bank of Indonesia planned to perform a redenomination of rupiah . Redenomination could be conducted in a situation in which macro-economic conditions, economic growth and inflation were stable and under control. Redenomination, in this case, means reducing digits (zeros) without reducing the value of those currencies. For example, the 1,000-rupiah bill would become 1 new rupiah in order to simplify the denomination (floating) currency into smaller fragments. With this simplification simultaneously carried out also on the prices of goods, this process would not change peoples purchasing power (Ioana, 2005). Based on E. Borensztein and J.D. Gregorio (1999) research paper I can explained that in redenomination, the value of money for goods has not changed; only the way of writing the reference and floating currencies are changed and adjusted. This is different from devaluation, where the value of money for goods became smaller, because it cuts the value of the goods . Devaluation done in the event of very high inflation and macroeconomic conditions are not healthy. Some examples of redenomination: for one liter of petrol price currently at Rp. 4,500 per liter, if redenomination cut up to three digits (three zeros), then that must be paid about (new) Rp. 4.5 for 1 liter of petrol due to the price of one liter of petrol is also expressed the same in fractional units. While sanering, if there is sanering per thousand rupiah, then by Rp. 4.5 can only purchase 1/1000 or 0.001 liters of gasoline . The principal aim of currency redenomination is to simplify fractions and to make it more efficient and comfortable in transactions (Oluba, 2008). Besides that, currency redenomination could make economic disparity within regional countries looks more equal and could overcome criticisms like that from Fox News (2008) , which claimed that Indonesias currency was among the worlds worst ten. Therefore, this paper will argue that Indonesia should redenominate its currency because of its positive impact on society and its economic influences within the region. Economic Impact of Redenomination Redenomination might have a direct impact on the Indonesian economy. Mas (1995, p. 487) shows that during the transition period, redenomination is a very expensive and time consuming practice. Mas goes on to say that, at first, redenomination increases transaction time. However, despite the claims of like Mas who argue that, during the transition period, redenomination increases transaction time, Ahmad Bello (2007, p. 10) points out that in the accounting field, management will spent less time in evaluating and digitalizing financial data. Furthermore, while indeed it is possible that redenomination may cause changing prices in labels,menusand catalogs,, technical and operational problems arising from the use of figures with multiple zeros could soon be settled. This could help in developing the custom of using coins. Third, it is undeniable that changing the currency denomination may also necessitate change the balance sheets and accounting records. On the other hand, by using minim um number of zeros it would possibly be advantageous for businesses, as it would make things easier in terms of financial data input and reporting financial information and also business transaction process ( Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 11). However, Mas (1995, p. 487) mentions that currency redenomination has no direct impact on the economy or has little economic significance. The reason for this is that, as long as the value of the currency remains absolutely constant, and the ability to buy remains the same, the demand and supply services will not change means that there is no impact on macro and micro economic aspect; net investment, government spending, balance of payments and net exports will only suffer very little impact; and on household consumption level, the dissimilarity between pre and post redenomination currency will not be clearly seen as there is only minor psychological problems in related with customs. (Mosley, 2002; Zabuliene, 2005; Ncube, 2007; Lead Capital Limited, 2007) Psychological Effect on Redenomination Psychological worries may occur to Indonesian people that the currency may go back to multiple zeros after redenomination due to inflation. This is suggested by evidence that lower income levels psychologically suffer most of the effects of redenomination (Simge Tarhan, 2006). Evidence for this is that redenomination may generates artificial inflation in low price goods which the poor often buys. (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 14) . For example, in Nigeria, a N163 commodity in the present Naira becoming N1.63 may suddenly be charged at new N2 if the coins which would need to be used for the new transactions are not well-accepted, as it appears to be the case with the coins currently in circulation. However, Ahmad Bello (2007, p.6) believes that the psychological effect, which creates a sense of identity, is the most common reasons for a country engaging in currency redenomination. Similarly, Cohen (2004) posits that a national currency not only facilitates economic transactions but affects c itizens identity and subsequently the legitimacy of the national government . Lost of Value after Redenomination Layna Mosley (2005, p. 10) mentioned that there were concerns about people starting to view their currencies as diminished in value, both economically and symbolically. Data to support this is that, Aluko (2007) provides list of many African and non-African countries whose citizens almost lost confidence in their currencies. According to him, as at July 2007, a US dollar ($1) exchanges 9270 cedi in Ghana, 9426 rupiah in Indonesia, 9861 franc/ariari in Madagascar, 10184 kip in Lao and 15921 dong in Vietnam. However, it has been argued that most common objective of redenomination is to ensure credibility (Layna Mosley, 2005, p. 6). Furthermore, certain governments adopt redenomination strategies in order to improve their monetary sovereignty and control tendency for currency substitution. On the grounds that, transition to single-digit inflation could restore the credibility of currency. In fact, research shows that enhanced credibility can improve government electoral fortunes, as cit izens reward economic growth and macroeconomic discipline (Armijo, 1996; Stokes, 2002 in Mosley, 2005); and it can improve a governments treatment as a borrower, as a location for private investment, and as a defender of an exchange rate in the eyes of global capital markets (Leblang, 2002; Jensen, 2005). Redenomination As A Solution Strategy Mosley (2005, p.1) argues that a few countries with high inflation level do not consider currency redenomination as a strategy. Indeed, some countries are very cautious about redenomination (Ishiekwene, 2007). For example, since the beginning year of 1997, South Koreas won has fallen to 932 to a dollar , Hungarys forint is 216, and Japans yen is 117, yet these countries put aside redenomination as their solution (Araki, 2001; Mosley, 2005). If there is going to be high inflation in the future, this redenomination program will only be an extra cost to the economy. However, currency redenomination is usually done when countries are experiencing hyper-inflationary pressures which have the effect of making its local currency unattractive (Ahmad Bello, 2007, p. 1). Simge Tarhan (2006) provides a clear case of hyper-inflation in Turkey where a bottle of drinking water cost 300,000 TL, a movie ticket 7,500,000 TL, Toyota Corolla: 32,900,000,000 TL (32 billion), and GDP in 2002: 273,463,167, 795,000,000 TL (273 quadrillion) before the old Lira was redenominated by removing six zeros. Aluko (2007) cites the example of Zimbabwe that experienced years of inflation that hit 1200% a year. Determination in bringing inflation down to single digits permanently could be better comprehended. In some cases, if the timing was correct, redenomination could cap off high levels of inflation. Redenomination As A Solution Mechanism Ignacio Mas (1995) states that currency redenomination has been used as a solution mechanism throughout history. The reason for this is that redenomination often occurs after economic crises, as governments attempt to convince citizens and markets that hyperinflation is a thing of the past (Mosley, 2005, p. 1). According to Ishiekwene (2007), historical evidence suggests that redenomination had been very successful in an environment of macroeconomic stability, declining inflation, stable exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence and rational expectations of policy credibility. Conclusion Overall, I would recommend that Indonesia should redenominate its currency, since redenomination generates little impact on both macro and micro economic. In addition, redenomination affects rupiah appearance looks more attractive which increases citizens pride and confidence for their national identity, whereas, it could also influences the legitimacy of the national government. Furthermore, based on historical evidence, redenomination is very common strategy in the past to overcome hyperinflation and also to increase the credibility of currency in a stable macro and micro economic, declining inflation, exchange rates, fiscal restraint and prudence conditions. When the timing is perfect, redenomination could cap off low level value currency to reach its dignity. Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 Winstons Relationship With Julia: 1984 George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia. Orwell does this by emotionally enlightening the audience of Winstons day to day life of love, pain, hurt and accomplishment. Winston and Julia share a secret relationship that eventually contributes to Winstons tragic fate of ultimately being alone and loving Big Brother. Whilst Winston was being tortured in The Ministry Of Love he painfully overcame his hate towards Big Brother and was brainwashed into loving Big Brother like the rest of the citizens of Airstrip one. This, therefore, means nobody can disapprove Big Brothers horrific behaviour laws. However there are other factors that contribute to his downfall. Winston tries on many different occasions to reclaim past memories; this involves keeping an illegal diary, which is later used against him in room 101. The strict rules and regulations that govern the citizens lives enforced by Big Brother contributed to Winstons fate. Without such str ict rules Winston and Julias relationship would not have been forbidden and there would be no need for them to sneak around, and eventually be caught and punished. Winston also rents a room in the parole area of town with Julia, which they believe is a safe and private place, but blatantly find out they arent in solitude, their every move was being documented. With the strict regulations prohibiting relationships both Julia and Winston find themselves thrown into the Ministry of Love where Winston is tortured and goes insane. These actions are factors that lead to Winstons fate, however it is ultimately his relationship with Julia that is responsible for his tragic fate. Winstons relationship with Julia can be seen as the ultimate reason for his fate. Although the strict rules enforced frustrated Winston, he didnt learn to adapt well to the rules, therefore his uncontrollable actions of continuing to see Julia ultimately lead to his tragic fate. Winston and Julia build up a very trustworthy secret relationship, after she gives him a note that reads I love you, which they both new was extremely illegal. Whilst their affair was blooming Winstons ulcer stopped being inflamed and his health improved dramatically, opposite to when he was in the Ministry Of Love. This shows that when he was taken away from his lover his tragic fate started to form. They continued seeing each other for a long period of time and proceeded in renting a room to have private sexual intercourse. Julia and Winstons relationship is very organized and secret. Winstons relationship with Julia is one of the main reasons that lead to Winstons fate. If Winston had never broken the rules and met or read Julias note it is arguable that he could still hate and not respect Big Brother. Instead after coming out of being tortured in room 101 his views and beliefs change dramatically about Big Brother, he believes that Big Brother is god and is mesmerized to believe whatever Big Brother implies is correct. Winston and Julia rent a room in the parole area of town. They believe it is a very private room because it has no visible telescreens, however they were wrong. They got caught and where punished and separated in The Ministry of Love whilst being tortured. This lead to Winstons fate in room 101 where OBrien horrifically tortured him with his very own words from his diary. As a result of pursuing a relationship with Julia, he was being forced to love and respect Big Brother and his choices, his feelings for Julia decreased. OBrien used Winstons dia ry entries against him along with torturing Winston with Rats, this lead Winston to choose life over Julia there was just one person to whom he could transfer his punishment. One body who he could thrust between himself and the rats. He was shouting frantically over and over. Do it to Julia. Do it to Julia, not to me. I dont care what you do to her. Rip her face off. Strip her to the bone. Not to me Julia not me! This positions the readers to feel sorry for Winston and shows the readers that enough torturing and your beliefs and relationships quickly change and crumble drastically. Furthermore whilst Winston was in the Ministry of Love he became very weak and physically ill, he got extremely sick and could hardly move and didnt eat. Winston is obsessed with reclaiming past memories. This obsession contributed to Winstons fate because of his blatant disregard for the rules, as it is illegal to reclaim past memoires. He cannot accept that the past is gone and is being changed right in front of him. Winston buys a diary from Mr. Charingtons shop. The diary helps him remember his day to day activates and own individual history and language, however he address each diary entire to OBrien, because he feels they are friends and he can trust him. OBrien later uses Winstons diary against him in the Ministry Of Love. Not only did Winston lose his relationship with Julia he also lost his relationship with OBrien, as he betrayed Winston. OBrien reads and re -reads phrases Winston had written in his diary using them against him, forcing happy memoires never to be remembered again His soul, white as snow. OBrien also strategically tortures Winston with rats, because Winston had mentioned in his diary that his greatest fear of all was rats. Which lead to Winston losing his mind and lead to his disastrous fate. The diary allowed OBrien to know what would really hurt Winston and therefore increased the intensity of his torture, and contributed to his mental and physical state. However these rules were reality and Winstons stubbornness of not accepting them and having a relationship with Julia led to his fate. Overall George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four explores the relationship between Winston and Julia and demonstrates that not only does Julia and Winstons secret relationship contribute to his tragic fate, but in some way Winston brought it upon himself by refusing to let go of past memories and refusing to accept the strict rules which govern his life. Winstons actions as a result of this refusal such as buying the dairy and renting the room lead to his demise. After he was caught having a secret relationship and his diary was used against him as a form of personal torture. However ultimately it is this secret relationship shared with Julia that is responsible for his fate of going insane and becoming mentally sick but most of all He had won the victory over himself. He loved big brother. Winston fate ended up being mesmerised by Big Brother just like everybody else in Airstrip one all because of Julia.